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Civil engineers in Rome invented the concept of underground sewer to rid their cities of plagues caused by human contact with waste. Their water sources that they used for consumption were also contaminated as they served as open sewers. The underground sewers made sure that that waste stayed out of reach of humans and was deposited by these sewers further downstream. For periodic cleaning, they also provided access ways that were covered with stone lids that we call manholes today. Incidentally, these stone access way covers are still seen in Jerash, Jordan which was a Roman city in the old days.
The design of manhole covers extends beyond mere functionality; it also embodies local culture and artistry. Many cities have adopted unique designs that reflect their heritage or historical significance. For instance, in cities like Paris, manhole covers are imprinted with artistic motifs that celebrate the city's artistic legacy. Similarly, New York City’s manhole covers are often adorned with the initials of the utility companies responsible for their maintenance. These artistic elements serve as a reminder that even the most basic urban fixtures can contribute to the character of a city.
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